The Decline of Villismo

Villa's not as popular or as successful as he used to be.

Advantage: Carranza is low on ammunition.

Villa targets individual cities (Chihuahua, San Andres, etc.)

Goes after Cusihuiriachic, warns, Carranza's people evacuate but bloody shot-out anyways.

"Villa was on a roll now."

Maycotte wants to get rid of Villa, Obregon tells Maycotte "that's stupid with low ammunition."

Villa targets foreigner's property, pays men to be his, goes after Chihuahua again, it falls.

Goes after Torreon, kills 90 women, loses most popular support.

Now Villa is super-violent, and stocks up at Torreon, becomes confident against Murguia.

Villa does badly against Murguia and wreaks vengeance.

Villista movement begins to implode, doesn't know why he's still fighting.

He tries some crazy ideas, fails, offers surrender to Murguia, denied. He's stuck.

Villa is tired/writes to Angeles. Villista army is volunteers, doesn't kill prisoners.

Villa goes out to eat & almost gets captured. Angeles gets depressed, they part, villista gives away position, A. surrenders.

A. on trial, Carranza wants to keep it short. Villa attacks Santa Rosalia.

Obregon wants to be Mexican Abraham Lincoln..., announces president candidacy.

Carranza and Murguia escape to wild. Carranza is killed.

Villa marches to meet with Obregon, sends nice letter, Obregon replies months later, war is over!

The Twilight of Zapatismo

Gonzalex is in charge/willing to do anything.

Zapata made a command structure with a man everywhere, lots of raids.

Violence escalates.

Zapata returns to Tlaltizapan and is frustrated wtih Cuernavaca.

Railways are in pieces, disfunctional.

Carranza wants to control everything from the center, wants to purge all ex-whatevers.

Different than Villa, wants true control, puts emphasis on personality of his men.

Carranza doesn't have a huge vision like Zapata or Villa.

Carranza was a hard worker and had few friends, hated human contact, bad personality.

Both Carranza and Obregon saw Catholicism as a reactionary idea, and Carranza didn't stop anticlerical rioting.

Carranza has no set ideas on land reform. Contemptuous of peasants, he listened to Obregon.

Diaz was always lucky, and did very well, 1917-onwards. 

Felicistas helped Villa and Zapata, very powerful. Zapata wanted to get back into reform, and abandons attacks on Mexico City. Zapata gets paranoid and seems cursed. Realizes that Montano was correct, and is advised by Magana to find allies in Carranza's men.

Obregon's doing fine, emphasizes national problems, not local ones.

Zapata is freaking out, especially after interviews with Gates, foresees dangers and is concerned. Magana is cautious.

Mexico, 1917-onwards is almost falling into famine/pestilence/disease. Carranza is not good enough to fix everything.

Zapata is still freaking out, Gonzalez returns, but Zapata will not give up anything.

Carranza sends word to G. to end Zapata. G. writes Z. a note.

Early April (10th), Zapata goes to hacienda, Guajaro invites him in, and Zapata is shot, dies immediately.

Guajaro's men hide the body and send it to Gonzalez. Many urban legends surround his death.

WWII chapter 3 summary

Hitler issues Directive No. 6 for western offensive - plan 'Case Yellow'.

Some took Hitler's side.

Hitler/Halder don't agree. Manstein gets opening.

'Sickle Stroke' has 3 plans to attack various places.

Goering's Luftwaffe is doing good... for now.

German army had a dense tank concentration.

German offensive based on Belgian weakness.

More Directives.

French army is inconsistent, German army simple but good, structural deficiencies.

Hitler postpones attack on France a lot.

Dutch were surprised by attack.

Allied deployment on Dyle not doing so good.

Blitzkrieg weapons were loud planes, bombs, tanks.

France attacked, they try counter-.

Germans reinforce, Gamelin's troops still failing against them.

DeGaulle not doing well. Gamelin discredited, admits defeat to Churchill/Chamberlain/etc.

Churchill goes to England, promises 6 bonus squadrons to join with France.

DeGaulle still not doing well.

Heinz Guderian a big fan of 'Blitzkrieg' method.

Hitler's 'stop order' halts Panzers for 2 days.

Hitler anticipates. Belgian army surrenders.

Weygand's plan fails, tries 'Line' - good theory.

France is humiliated.

Germany goes everywhere.

WWII Short/Long Term Causes

Long-term causes:

League of Nations - 

-Major countries join together to "get and maintain peace", but don't invite the US. Causes divides between countries, Germany begins to feel irritated/left out, and passive-aggressive anger in nations begin.

The -isms - 

-Industrialism: revolution, people moved to cities, become more productive. New inventions (steam engine -->, and so forth) help to improve life, also help military.

-Militarism: new weapons, improvements in safety and health for military people. Viewed in a new way (soldiers are honorable, heroic) and more join.

Treaty of Versailles - 

-Attempt to control Germany through demilitarization, etc.., creates divides between countries, eventually causes Germany to rebel under leadership of Hitler.

Short-term causes:

Nazi/Polish Peace Treaty/Anschluss -

-Nonaggression, beginning of ideas to annex Austria, demonstration of power/control. Night of Long Knives, Chancellor killed, and Hitler rises to power, puts self in control, gets rid of constitution. 

Re-armament - 

-Military was 4x the size it should have been. Hitler doesn't get in trouble, and begins to push the limits for military and power in Germany. Alliances start up again and create a feeling of security. Hitler laughs.

Rhineland - 

-Hitler finally takes the Rhineland, and still doesn't get in trouble. Other major countries are distracted by Spanish Civil War, Hitler sees an opportunity to complete his rise to power.

IA Plan of Investigation

This investigation assesses the question: to what extent did Mao's propaganda have an important role in maintaining control through the People's Liberation Army, Great Leap Forward, and Cultural Revolution? In order to understand Mao's propaganda and his efforts to maintain control, research will involve assessing Mao’s control through propaganda and other methods, the history before and about the People’s Liberation Army, Great Leap Forward, and Cultural Revolution, as well as the effects of propaganda on the perception of those three events. The main sources for this investigation will be used for examining Mao's propaganda (primary sources) and undergoing thorough investigation into his regime of power (secondary sources). 

Paper 1 ~ Peacekeeping

1.          (a) What, according to Source E, was the significance of the Locarno Conference? [3 marks]

 Source E is a book on the history of Germany over WWI and WWII. Source E views the Locarno Conference as significant because all countries near the Rhine abjured force, and demilitarized the Rhineland, putting Germany in the League of Nations. This is significant because it was an attempt at maintaining peace that would ultimately fail.

         (b) What message is conveyed by Source D? [2 marks]

 Source D is a political cartoon showing Briand, Chamberlain, and Stresemann shaking hands, while Briand keeps one hand, in a boxing glove, behind his back. This source demonstrates the strained efforts for peace, although France wanted to take a more aggressive approach, secretly disagreeing with the other countries.

2. Compare and contrast the views expressed about the Locarno Conference in Sources B and C. [6 marks]

 Source B, a speech by the League Of Nations' secretary, portrays the Locarno Conference as a means to secure country borders and peace. Garnett views the conference as a way to increase security on borders, and keep countries ready to fight off war if necessary.

Source C, a description of Locarno by the British government, claims Locarno as a loss for France and Britain's alliance. The conference provides preemptive strikes in case of war possibilities, but prevents links between France and Britain.

Both sources recognize the effects of Locaro, especially in preventing war. Both also acknowledge the "protecting frontiers" aspect. Source B lists France as working well with Britain, while Source C says Locarno ruined any possible alliances. Source B existed immediately after Locarno, while Source C is in modern times, looking back.

3. With reference to their origin and purpose, discuss the value and limitations of Source A and Source C for historians studying the 1925 Locarno Conference. [6 marks]

Source A, a speech by Germany's leader immediately after the Locarno Treaty, was given in 1925. The speech was given to summarize the events of the Locarno, as well as to reassure, both aimed at the general public. This source is valuable because Stresemann was present at Locarno, and provides an insider's perspective. Also, this source provides the perspective of a country's leader, likely also representing a country's mindset. This source is limited as a piece of propaganda, aimed at the German public.

Source C is a modern document, published by the British government on their website recently. The document is posted to educate the British public about the Locarno Conference, and to recap the historical event, as well as provide perspective. The values of this source are that it is from a country involved, provides historical perspective, and minimizes the event down to the basic facts, allowing anyone to understand the event. The source is limited by its potential bias, written by a country's government, for the country. Also, the source allows the exclusion of possibly important background or effects information, providing a narrow, tainted view of the event.

IA OPVLs

1 ~ 

Written in 1982 by Dennis Bloodworth, The Messiah and the Mandarins shows Mao's rise to power and methods to controlling China. The purpose of this book is to educate the general public about the use of propaganda and other materials as control, possibly to alert them to the possibility that it could happen again. The value in this source is that the author is not from or associated with Mao or China, and is not just publishing an elongated propaganda piece. This book was written after Mao's reign, and provides some historical perspective. The limitations for this source include the possible changes in translations and meaning since the author is not personally familiar with Mao's China.

2 ~ 

Leadership in Asia: Persuasive Communication..., by David Richman, explains Mao's campaigns and his ties with other (single-party state) leaders. The purpose of this book is to draw comparisons between Mao and other leaders, and explain the multi-faceted public face of Mao. The value of this book is the time period it spans (1850-1950), providing historical perspective, and the inclusion of other opinions than just those of Richman. The limitations of this source are the American bias, as well as that the book does not cover the last years of the Mao regime (-1976), providing a fragmented view of the time.