Gaddis Chapter 4

Section 1: Decolonization & Liberation

-Decline of European colonialism, no continental unity

-Decolonization not a major issue in wars

-End of 1949, Soviet-American fight at a stalemate. Stalin played with Korea as a distraction.

-Khrushchev likes to travel. Americans are scared of him helping liberate countries.

-What new independent countries do matters to the power balance.

Section 2: Tito, Nehru, & Nasser

-Tito (Yugoslavia) wants to stay strong, use some assistance from US.

-He wants “non-alignment” all over the world.

-Nehru (India) resists US/Pakistan. Enlai (China) uses Mao’s reasons.

-Egypt was controlled by GB, Suez Canal is important. Nasser is in control there.

-Dulles worried about Nasser having control, domino reaction to other countries.

-Anglo-French-Israeli invasion almost breaks up NATO. Eisenhower is angry.

Section 3: Korea & Vietnam

-Korea is tumultuous post-Korean War.

-Mao jumps in and builds up military on an island. He defuses crises and then protests Americans landing in Lebanon.

-Khrushchev threatens Americans with nuclear when they threaten him.

-Vietnam isn’t doing well. Ho Chi Minh beat French in 1954, makes communist in north, Ngo Dinh Diem allies.

-Diem is a brutal totalitarian. Johnson in US decides to bomb North Vietnamese areas and sends in almost 200,000 American troops. Soviets are angry.

Section 4: Germany

-Postwar Germany is both strong and weak. They like to fake other countries into thinking that they are collapsing, to get what they want.

-Both East and West Germany are threatening (political party or regime collapse).

-Unrest in Poland/Hungary is used by Ulbricht to get materials and goods from SU.

-Khrushchev worried about controlling Mao, Ulbricht also concerned.

-Khrushchev confronts Kennedy with Berlin ultimatum at Vienna summit. Kennedy will defend W. Berlin, Khrushchev upset.

Section 5: France & China

-France/China benefit with superpower help. De Gaulle is unstable and does a lot of things wrong (nuclear war, relationship with US, will not reconcile). US has no control.

-Mao thinks Khrushchev is beginners luck, superficial, accuses him of losing revolutionary edge.

-Mao wants danger from US/SU could make China safer, no one would question him.

-De Gaulle & Mao push superpowers around, no fear left.

Section 6: Revolutions

-July 1967, Mao is under siege by young Red Guard.

-Mao & de Gaulle get authority, no motivation. Ulbricht in discomfort.

-Johnson not going for reelection. Nixon in charge. Kissinger makes quotes.

-Mao launches Cultural Revolution in 1966. He tries to regain control later.

Section 7: Fights/no fights

-March 1969: SU/Chinese fights along border. Mao doesn’t know what to do.

-Minimal communication with Mao and Nixon. Both want order back.

Section 8:

-Nixon/Mao want to unsettle Russians.

-Brezhnev orders invasion of Czechoslovakia & it does not go well.

-Brezhnev Doctrine threatens Soviets with the potential negative impacts.

-West Germans think that East Germany can be changed if no unification.

-Geopolitical stability necessary.

-Nixon/Kissinger were concerned about these policies. Nixon beats McGovern in new election.

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