Section 1: The UN
-Wilson wants the League of Nations to push legal constraints onto citizens.
-Truman wants global governance, carries Tennyson’s “Parliament of Man, Federation of World” passage.
-UN can only act when most powerful members agree. Ends up being debating society instead of helpful group.
-UN passes human rights declaration in December 1948.
Section 2: Spread of Red/CIA
-Americans confident they can beat SU.
-Italy’s election in April 1948, concerns about spread of red.
-CIA established, finances opposing parties in Italy, beat communists at polls.
-CIA grows. Kennan later regrets recommendation.
Section 3: Ethics of Espionage
-Doolittle Report wants Americans to become familiar with a SU philosophy.
-Rumors of American involvement in Iran and Guatemala.
-Shah of Iran consolidates repressive regime, US has no control.
-Ethics of espionage debates. Americans realize that their leaders lie.
-Johnson thinks Americans have to stay in Vietnam to beat Cold War. Postpones choosing between “Great Society” and Vietnam War.
Section 4: Credibility Gaps
-Nixon inherited situation, made it worse. “Without secrecy…no ending Vietman War” and other things like China, SALT. Uses secrecy to conduct foreign policy.
-Spring 1969, Nixon orders Cambodia bombing, keeps explanation secret.
-“Credibility gaps” for Johnson & Nixon.
-October 1970, Allende takes Chile. Nixon “respects”.
-June 1971, Ellsberg turns over Pentagon Papers to New York Times.
-Nixon puts together staff to fix, “Plumbers”. He resigns August 1974.
Section 5: Nixon & CIA
-Nixon doesn’t believe N. Vietnamese will willingly cease-fire.
-Watergate had weakened Nixon. Passed War Powers Act to limit military deployments with no Congressional consent.
-CIA director Colby says that CIA broke its own rules about international interference.
-Chile is a problem. Military coup September 1973. US acted there like they did in Iran and Guatemala.
-Congress prohibits potential “daylight tests” failures, not justifiable to public.
Section 6: Kissinger & Nuclear Risk
-White House, Pentagon, CIA not above own laws.
-Mutual Assured Destruction, inhumane to put civilians at risk of nuclear annihilation.
-US didn’t violate human rights like SU, Mao, other Europeans did.
-Détente was to lower nuclear risk, encourage relationship with Cold War rivals, recover.
-Kissinger keeps saying that legitimacy is not justice.
-Kant wants universal justice.
-SU makes emigrants pay to leave. Kissinger protests Trade Reform Act.
Section 7: Historical Infallibility
-Khrushchev reveals that Lenin/Stalin enslaved more than liberated, SU satellites are behind US and capitalists in terms of prosperity.
-Psychological effect: people in SU defer to Marxist-Leninist doctrine publicly but do not believe or follow it.
-Communists rule from “historical infallibility” but are losing it.
-Brezhnev says SU will continue but will concede NATO’s permanence. Wants NATO/US to ratify post-WWII stuff in Europe.
-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, July 1975.
Section 8:
-People think Ford/Kissinger abandoned human rights causes.
-Helsinki is a liability because of leaked comments. Ford concerned about condemnations by Reagan and Carter. Helsinki is a “legal and moral trap”.
-Havel goes to prison, chronicles “disillusionment with communism”.
-Wojtyla was progressively a priest, arch-bishop, cardinal, and then pope (non-italian and young!). He is Pope John Paul II.
-“We want God!”
0 comments:
Post a Comment